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The Impacts of Natural Hazards
Tectonic Events (Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Tsunamis, Landslides)
Damage to buildings/infrastructure: collapse of homes, transport networks, utilities.
Secondary hazards: fires (from ruptured gas lines), tsunamis (sea floor displacement), landslides (slope failure).
Loss of farmland/habitats: ash, lava, landslides destroy crops and ecosystems.
Water‑related disease: contamination of supplies after infrastructure damage.
Human impacts: loss of life, trauma, displacement.
Economic impacts: financial losses, rebuilding costs, reduced productivity.
Collapsed Buildings After An Earthquake
Ashes Post Volcanic Eruption on Farmland
Tropical Cyclones
Flooding: storm surges + heavy rainfall.
Loss of life: drowning, injuries, disease spread.
Financial losses: destruction of property, crops, businesses.
Damage to infrastructure: roads, bridges, power lines.
Loss of crops/habitats: saltwater intrusion, uprooted vegetation.
Water‑related disease: cholera, malaria outbreaks.
Flooding
Loss of life/livestock: drowning, disease spread.
Loss of crops: submerged farmland → food shortages.
Damage to infrastructure: homes, transport, utilities.
Contamination of drinking water: sewage, chemicals mix with floodwater.
Water‑related disease: cholera, dysentery.
Financial losses: rebuilding, reduced productivity.
Drought
Death of organisms: plants, animals, humans.
Water sources dry up: rivers, lakes, wells.
Decline in crop yields: famine, food insecurity.
Starvation: widespread malnutrition.
Soil erosion & desertification: land degradation.
Decrease in air quality: dust storms.
Increased wildfire risk: dry vegetation ignites easily.
Cracked Soil Due to Droughts
Managing the Impacts of Natural Hazards
Tectonic Hazards
Before: monitoring & warning systems, land‑use zoning, earthquake‑resistant buildings, disaster plans/drills, emergency supplies.
During: evacuation, emergency rescue teams.
After: rebuilding, international aid, trauma support.
Tropical Cyclones
Before: monitoring & warning, cyclone‑resistant buildings, disaster plans/drills, emergency supplies.
During: evacuation, emergency shelters, rescue teams.
After: rebuilding, international aid, disease control.
Flooding
Before: monitoring & warning, storm hydrographs (run‑off, through‑flow, groundwater flow), flood defenses.
During: evacuation, shelters, rescue operations.
After: rebuilding, improved flood management techniques.
Drought
Before: monitoring, water conservation, dams/reservoirs, wells, aquifers, water transfer, desalination, rainwater harvesting.
During: emergency water supplies, rationing, international aid.
After: recovery programs, reforestation, improved irrigation.
Opportunities Presented by Natural Hazards
Flooding: deposition of fertile silt on farmland → improved crop yields.
Volcanoes: fertile soils (ash enriches land), mineral extraction (copper, sulfur), geothermal energy resources (Iceland, New Zealand).
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