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The Impact of Migration on Societies
Immigration & Emigration
Immigration: people moving into a country → increases population, skills, diversity.
Emigration: people leaving a country → loss of labour, “brain drain,” but also remittances sent home.
Push & Pull Factors
Push: reasons to leave (poverty, war, unemployment, persecution).
Pull: reasons to move in (jobs, safety, education, better living standards).
Increasing Cultural Diversity
Migration introduces new languages, foods, traditions, religions.
Can enrich society but may also cause tension if integration is weak.
Economic Consequences
Migrants fill labor shortages, contribute taxes, start businesses.
Can strain public services if numbers are high.
Remittances support home countries.
Negative Perceptions of Migrants
Stereotypes: “taking jobs,” “burden on welfare".
Can lead to racism, discrimination, political conflict.
Media often shapes public opinion.
The Impact of Global Ecological Issues
Problems that affect the environment across the whole world, not just one country.
Transnational Companies (TNCs)
Operate across countries, often exploit cheap labour/resources.
Influence global trade, politics, and environmental standards.
Can bring investment but also widen inequality.
Climate Change
Rising temperatures, extreme weather, sea‑level rise.
Impacts agriculture, migration, health, and global inequality.
Poorer countries suffer most despite contributing least.
Pollution
Industrialization → air, water, soil pollution.
Health problems, environmental damage.
TNCs often criticized for weak environmental responsibility.
Urbanization
Growth of cities due to migration and industrialization.
Creates opportunities (jobs, services) but also problems (slums, overcrowding, pollution).
Increases demand for housing, transport, healthcare.
Sociological Explanations for Global Inequalities
Marxist Views
Capitalism exploits poorer countries (cheap labor, raw materials).
Wealth flows to richer nations/TNCs.
Global inequality is structural and deliberate.
Colonialism
Historical domination of colonies by European powers.
Resources and labor extracted → long‑term poverty in colonized nations.
Modern inequality linked to colonial legacy.
Feminist Ideas of Patriarchy
Global inequality also shaped by gender oppression.
Women in poorer countries face double disadvantage (poverty + patriarchy).
Issues: pay gap, lack of education, exploitation in global labour markets.
Feminists argue global policies often ignore women’s unpaid domestic labour.
NOTES DONE BY FARIDA SABET
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